DEMOCRASI IYE SELF-GOVERNMENT

Harold W. Percival

CHIKAMU II

IZVI ZVINOTAURWA NEI, UYE NEZVIDZIDZO

Ndeipi yakabva izwi mweya, uye chii chinonzi "mweya" wemunhu? Chii chinoitwa nemweya mukati mehupenyu hwemunhu? Ko mweya unoenderera mberi mushure mekufa kwemuviri here? Kana zvikadaro, chii chinozoitika? Ko mweya ungagona kumira here; kana zvirizvo, zvinopera sei; kana ikatadza kumira kuva, chii chiri kuguma kwemweya, uye mafambiro azvo anoitwa sei?

Kwakatangira izwi rinoti mweya wakanyanya kure; Nharo pamusoro peshoko, kana rechinhu iro izwi rinomirira, harigumi; Nhoroondo uye mafambiro emweya, izvo zvinosvika mune zvekare uye zvine chekuita nezvezvino neramangwana, zvakawandisa zvekuti hazvigone kuyedzwa. Izvo chete zvakakosha izvo zvine chekuita nedzidziso dzedemokrasi, pano zvinogona kupihwa nenzira pfupi.

Iyo yekufema-fomu yemuviri hupenyu uye mweya wemunhu. Icho chikamu chefomu-yekufema mweya mweya wemunhu. Chikamu chemweya wekufema mweya wehupenyu nemweya wenyama. Iko kufema irwo rutivi rwunoshanda, uye fomu iri parutivi runowoneka rwefema-fomu. Icho chikamu chemufema-fomu ndechegadzirwo kana modhi zvichienderana nekuti yakavakirwa nei nemuviri wepanyama panguva yekubereka uye kusvika pakuzvara. Chikamu chekufema chefema-fomu ndicho chinovaka muviri mushure mekuzvarwa.

Iine gasi rekutanga kufema, iyo yekufema yeiyo mweya wekufema-fomu inopinda mumapapu uye nemoyo wemucheche akazvarwa, anoita hukama neyechimiro chikamu mukati memoyo, anosimudzira mweya wega wega mukutenderera kweropa nekuvhara septum pakati pemakwenzi emoyo, uye inobata muviri weiyo nguva yese yehupenyu.

Kufema ihwohwo hupenyu kana mweya; nheyo isingagadzike yechimiro mweya; uye chinhu chakakomberedza muviri. Izvi zvitatu, - munhu, chimiro, uye mweya, - zvinoumba, uye zviri, izvo zvakataurwa pamusoro pavo uye zvinonzi "muviri, mweya nemweya" wemunhu.

Kubva panguva iyo mweya wega wega unobata muviri, unoshanda mukati mekugaya, iyo system yekuenderera, uye yekufema; uye, gare gare, iyo inobereka system yemuviri, sekukura kwemuviri. Iwo mweya, sehupenyu hwemuviri, unokonzera kugaya uye kutenderera uye kufema, uye simba rekubereka riri mumuviri. Maitiro mana aya anotakurwa pachikuva nedanho kuburikidza nemanyowa organic ayo masisitimu.

Zvikafu zvinotorwa zvichipinda mumuviri semafuta, zvinwiwa, mweya, nemwenje, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nemweya kufambisa chimiro chemuviri, icho chinovakwa zvakatsiga maringe nezvinorehwa zvakanyorwa pafomu (mweya) kufema-fomu. Chimiro (mweya), kana parutivi rwe mweya wekufema, chine chimiro chekuti chimiro chinofanira kuve chakagadzirwa sei; asi mweya (iwo hupenyu), sebasa rinoshanda remweya wekufema, inomutsa chimiro, uye inoraramisa chimiro chayo ichivaka kuita chipenyu chipenyu.

Kufema ndekwemarudzi mana: mweya wekufema, fomu-mweya, mweya wekufema, uye mweya wekufema. Uye mhando yega yega yemweya yekufema ndeyekuvakira kwemuviri werudzi rwayo. Yemhando yega yega yekufema ine kana ndeye yemweya ina inobatsira. Saka: iyo yemuviri-yakasimba, yemuviri-yemvura, yemweya-yemhepo, uye yemweya- inopenya mweya; fomu-yakasimba, iyo fomu-yemvura, iyo fomu-airy, uye fomu-inopenya mweya; iyo yakasimba-yehupenyu, yehupenyu-yemvura, yemweya-yehupenyu, uye nemweya unopisa mweya; nemwenje wakasimba, nechiedza mwenje, nemwenje, uye nemweya unopenya.

Chimiro (mweya) chefema-mweya unobata mukati maro kutsemuka kwemiviri, pane chimwe nechimwe chazvo chimiro (icho mweya) yeiyo mweya wekufema uchavaka zvinotevedzana: muviri wenyama, fomu -Mumwe munhu, iro hupenyu hwenyama, iwo muviri wechiedza. Uye imwe neimwe yemarudzi mana emiviri inofanirwa kuvakwa nemasangano mana emhando yemweya wekufema kwayo.

Asi mukati mehupenyu hwevanhu, kunyangwe iwo mana echikamu chekufema chemuviri anofema. Naizvozvo hazvibviri kuve nekuchengetedza muviri wemunhu mumujaya nehutano. (Ruzivo rwakazara rweiyi nyaya runopihwa mukati Kufunga Nekupedzisira.)

Munguva yehupenyu hwemuviri wenyama pane yakafanirwa metabolism, kana chiyero, mukugara uchivakwa kwehuputi kubva kune zvekudya zvakatorwa mukati, uye nekuparadzwa kusingaperi kana kubviswa kwechinhu chine tsvina kubva mumuviri. Izvi zvinoitwa nemweya wekufema (hupenyu) wemweya wekufema-mafomu kuburikidza nemagetsi uye nekufema uye kutenderera uye kugaya masisitimu.

Kufema ndiye anovaka, mweya ndiye unoparadza, mweya ndiye unobvisa; uye mweya ndiyo metabolizer kana balancer pakati pekuvaka nekuparadza, mukugadziriswa kwemuviri mupenyu. Kana chiyero chaigona kuchengetwa, muviri unoenderera uchirarama. Asi chiyero hachichengetwe; saka muviri unofa.

Muviri unofa nekuti chete chidiki chidimbu chekusimba-chemuviri, chidiki chidimbu chemoyo-munyama, hushoma hushoma hwemweya-wepanyama, uye hushoma hushoma hwemweya wekufema unofemera mumuviri. Ese chimiro chemuviri hachigone kupedzwa.

Iyo tsvina inovhiringidza uye inodzivirira kugara uchiita metabolism; iyo yekufema-fomu inosiya muviri mukupedzisira kuputika, uye metabolism inomira. Pasina mweya wekufema, "mweya mupenyu" ("hupenyu nemweya"), muviri unorega kuve muviri mupenyu akarongeka. Ipapo muviri wenyama wakafa. Nekudaro zvinogona kuoneka chimwe chinhu chinoitwa nemweya wekufema (mweya mupenyu) mukati mehupenyu hwemuviri.

Iko kuchiva-uye-kunzwa-iko kuti, unoziva Doer-uyo, kubudikidza nemweya-fomu, akashanda chimiro chemuviri, anosiya aine fomu yekufema. Mushure mekunge chimiro chemuviri chave chakafukunurwa uye nekubviswa, iyo fomu yekufema inoenda neDoer kuburikidza neye mushure-kufa nyika Pakupera kwenguva yekufa-shure, mweya ina uye zvikamu zvemubatanidzwa izvo zvakanyora zvimiro zvechitarisiko zvakasikwa muzvimiro zvemuviri wenyama, zvakaparadzaniswa uye zvadzokera kuzvisikwa.

Chimiro (mweya) chefema-fomu chisingaverengeki chikamu; haigoni kumira kuti iyo inoderedzwa kuita chidimbu kana nzvimbo, uye inoramba iine kana pedyo neDoor kusvikira yaratidza zvakare. Nenguva yakafanira inofemerwa nemweya wekufema; zvino kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa kwemweya wemurume nemukadzi zvinopinda mumuviri wemukadzi uye kukonzera kubata; ndiyo fomu inoenderana neiyo yakaumbwa mutsva yemuviri muviri, kana kurukwa, kana kuumbwa.

Pakuzvarwa, mweya (iwo hupenyu) unopinda mucheche mukutanga mweya, woita hukama hwayo nechimiro (mweya), uye unobata muviri wake nemweya wazvo; uye nekukura nekusimudzira inogadzirira muviri wemucheche zvekuuya kweDhier.

Kana pfungwa dzemuviri dzadzidziswa kuona nekunzwa uye kuravira uye nekunhuhwirira, ipapo iyo Doer inoziva, sekunzwa-uye-chishuwo, inopindazve kuburikidza nemweya uye inogara mukati metsitsi dzekuzvidira uye neropa remuviri mutsva. Izvi zvinotaurira chimwe chinhu che izvo mweya yekufema (mweya) unoita mushure mekufa kwemuviri wenyama.

Mumuviri wenyama, kana mushure mekufa kwemuviri wemuviri, chimiro kana chimiro chemweya wekufema uyu chinhu chakanyatsonaka kuti ione kana chero chinhu kana chinhu chakagadzirwa nemurume. Uye hazvigone kuoneka kunyangwe nekufunga zvinogona kuve nekufunga pamwe nekunzwisiswa, uye nekunzwa kunge chimiro mumuviri. Izvo zvinoramba zvichirarama "kurarama" uye "kufa" kudzamara mweya wenyama yemuviri uchivaka muviri wehutano, uye kusvikira iwo mafomu mana-mweya uchivaka fomu iri fomu risingagumi; ipapo haingafi; ipapo chimiro chisingaperi chinogadzirisa uye chisafa mumuviri wenyama. Iko kuguma kwekupedzisira kwechimiro chekufema, kana "mweya mupenyu" wemuviri wenyama, ndewekuti: kusimbiswa patsva muchimiro chavo chakakwana, icho icho chiri chinosimbisa chikamu-musimboti, mumuviri wenyama wakakwana iwo aive, uye saka aponeswe kubva parufu. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti chii chinotarisirwa kufema-fomu (mweya mupenyu) kuva.

Muviri wenyama haugone kuzviponesa; mweya wekufema (mweya) haugone kuzviponesa parufu. Iri ibasa reiye Muzivi Muviri mumuviri wevanhu wese kuponesa mweya wekufema kubva kurufu nekumisazve icho mumuviri wenyama wekusingaperi; nekuti Muiti akachinja uye akaderedza, kubva pakakwana nyika maichimbova, kuenda kumatunhu eshanduko neyakaitika zvadzo ehupenyu nerufu.

Iko kusingadzivisike kuenda kune iyo Doer kuchengetedza mweya wekufema (mweya mupenyu) nekuzvarwa patsva kwemuviri wenyama, uye nokudaro kuunza kumutswa kwefema-fomu kune hupenyu husingafi; nekuti hapana rimwe simba kunze kweDhivhari raigona kuve rakachinja uye nekudzora mweya wekufema kumatunhu kuburikidza neunopfuura; uye, saizvozvowo, hapana mumwe kunze kweDhivhiri rimwe chete rinogona kudzorera chimiro charo chekufema kune mamiriro ekukwana mairi.

Iyo Muiti mune chero muviri wemunhu inogona kuramba ichirota kuburikidza nehupenyu; uye kuburikidza nerufu uye nekudzoka zvakare kuupenyu, uye saka mira basa. Asi basa rayo rinofanira kuitwa- rinofanira kuitwa narwo, uye kwete nemumwe. Nekudaro zvinoratidzwa kuti sei uye chikonzero nei iyo fomu-yekufema ichazadzikiswa.

Asi chii chine "mweya" wega uye zvatakatarisana nazvo zvekuita nemisimbiro yegutsaruzhinji? Ngatione.

Kana munhu aguta zvinodiwa zvechikonzero chake chekuti iye asingachinji anoziva "ini" haagone kufa; kana achinge anzwisisa kuti icho chaimbove chinonzi "mweya" chiri muchimiro chakavakirwa nemuviri wake, uye neiwo unochengeterwa kuburikidza neupenyu, uye unoramba uchienderera mberi nerufu kuva chimiro chimwe icho kubva kune mumwe muviri wenyama kuvakwa “Iye” wake kuti zvivezve zvakare munyika; kana iye achinge anzwa kuti mweya kufema ndihwo hupenyu hwechimiro (mweya), uye ari iye anovaka uye anochengetedza muviri zvichienderana nemuenzaniso (fomu), ipapo chete iyo hurumende iyo basa ringaitwe kuitwe ndeyedemokrasi yechokwadi, kuzvitonga, hurumende ichaita pasina tsvina.

Ndosaka zvichikosha kuti iwe unzwisise izvo iwe, seunoziva "Ini," uye "mweya", zvine chekuita nezvisimba zverusununguko. Naizvozvo, ichi kapfupi chakapihwa cheicho “mweya” uye nekuita mukati mehupenyu mumuviri uye mushure mekufa kwemuviri; kuti "inofa sei" uye inoraramwazve; uye kuti inogadzirira sei imwe muviri yemuviri kwauri; kuti iwe, iye Muiti, uye mafomu zvakare mweya mukati memuviri mushure mekusarudza kusimudza nekudzosera mweya wekufema (mweya) mumuviri akakwana, mauri, iwe Muiti, ucha tonga. Ipapo mutemo usingaperi uchasimbiswa pasi uye kururamisira kuchagutsikana.

Hapazombofi kwakave negutsaruzhinji inogona kutsungirira, kusvikira paine nzwisiso inonzwisisika: (1) kuti kuzivikanwa kweuyo, usingachinjiki kuburikidza nekuchinja kwemuviri wemunhu, haangambofi; (2) yechinhu icho icho chinonzi "mweya"; (3) hukama pakati peuyo anoziva munhu ne "mweya"; uye, (4) yechinangwa chekuvapo kwavo mumuviri wemunhu wenyama.

Misimboti yegutsaruzhinji ndeiyi: kururamisa semutemo, nekufunga senge kururamisira pamwe nerusununguko rwekutaura pfungwa dzemunhu; kodzero yekusarudza izvo mumwe achaita kana zvaasingaite; kusununguka uine mutoro; uye, tsika yemunhu yekuzvidzora uye kuzvitonga.

Kana pfungwa nezviito zvevanhu zvichinetsekana nezvisimboti izvi, kune democracy, nekuti avo vakasarudzwa nevanhu kuhurumende ndivo vamiriri vehurumende yavo yega. Asi, kana vamiriri vevanhu vakasarudzwa kuhurumende vachitaura manzwiro avo uye zvido zvavo vasina hanya nekuzvidzora, vanosimbirira pakusununguka kwavo vasina mhosva yemashoko nezviito zvavo, kunyima vamwe kodzero yavo nekuvamanikidza kuti vaite zvavanenge vaudzwa. kuita, uye kushandura zvinoreva mutemo uye kururamisira kuve iko kuzadzikiswa kwei ivo Ndichaita, saka, chero zvingave zvakaita polity kana chimiro cheiyo hurumende yehurumende, haisi democracy.

Sezvo paine ma48 anoti, yakazvimiririra asi yakarongeka kuva mubatanidzwa mumwe uye hurumende seUnited States, saka muviri weumwe neumwe mubatanidzwa wechigarire maseru uye nhengo nemasisitimu zvakarongwa kuti zviitwe mukati mekunze kuita sehurumende imwe. Manzwiro uye zvishuwo zveDhivhiri anoziva anogara mumuviri weumwe neumwe zvakaenzana nevanhu vanogara mune imwe nyika: ivo, manzwiro uye zvido, tarisa rudzi rwehurumende hwavachave nahwo mumuviri wemunhu.

Iyo yekufema-fomu yemuviri weumwe neumwe mweya mupenyu; asi chinongova automaton chinogara mukati menyonganiso mumuviri. Iyo inopindura kune zvakasikwa; uye nechisikirwo kunoitwa kuti riite ese mabasa asingabvumirwe nemuviri; uye, nemanzwiro ekusaziva uye zvishuvo zveMuiti anoita kubva kune yekuzvidira sisitimu yeropa uye neropa, rinoitwa kuti riite zviito zvese zvekuzvidira zvemuviri, sekutaura, kufamba, uye zvimwe zviito zvese zvehusuru. Iyo fomu yekufema inoteerera nyore nyore uye inoteerera zvisikwa zvakasikwa; asi chinofanira kurairwa nekufunga, uye kurangwa muzviitiko zvese zvekuzvidira, kuti ive sekuita seine hunyanzvi mukutengesa uye kumhizha uye nesainzi. Inova inoitwa nenzira yayo nekufunga kwemanzwiro uye zvishuwo. Iko kufunga kwekudzokorora kwekunzwa uye zvishuwo zvakanyorwa kunge zvimiro pane fomu (mweya) yemuviri, -zvikamu izvo ndiwo iwo maitiro ehukama hwemunhu hwepfungwa uye zviito zvemuviri. Hunhu hwepfungwa uye zviito zvinogona kudzikiswa, uye nemitemo mitsva inogona kuve yakagadziriswa nemafungiro avo apo manzwiro uye zvido zvinoshandura chinangwa chavo kana izvo zvidzidzo. Ipapo kufunga kutsva kwakanyorwa pafomu (mweya) yemuviri, setsika dzemifungo nezviito zvemunhu.

Kuti uchinje maitiro ehurumende yemuviri kubva kuzvimiririra, kana kudzvinyirira, kana kuvhiringika muhurumende kuenda kuruzhinji, zvinoda hunhu. Zvinoda magamba nema heroins kuzvidzora uye kuzvidzora varume nevakadzi; uye kuzvidzora uye pachako-hurumende ita magamba nemhare dzevanhu. Kune varume nevakadzi muUnited States vanozoita magamba uye magamba nekukurumidza pavanongoona kuti nekuzvidzora uye kuzvitonga ivo pachavo vanozotora nzira yakaoma (pasina mapato ezvematongerwo enyika) ekutanga rusununguko rwechokwadi. Ndokunge, nekukumbira kusarudzwa kwevatambi vakatendeseka uye vechokwadi, uye nekusarudza kune varume vehurumende kana vakadzi verusununguko vane mutoro.

Kungwara, pamwe chete nekwavo, kwakabvumira vashoma varume vakuru kuti vape vanhu vekuAmerican Bumbiro reUnited States, - chikomborero chikuru chakapihwa kuvanhu vanoda rusununguko. Bumbiro rinoisa masimba epamusoro ehurumende mumaoko evanhu. Zvakawanda zvakadaro izvo hazvina kumbobvira zvaitirwa chero vanhu; zvinopfuura izvo hazvingamboitwe, kune chero vanhu. Bumbiro haridi, uye harigone, kupa vanhu hutano kana hupfumi kana mufaro; asi zvinovapa ivo mukana uye mukana wekuva kana kuwana izvi zvinhu ivo pachavo.

Bumbiro rinopa kumunhu wese kodzero yakajeka yekuti, yekuda, yekuita, kana kuve nechero chinhu chaanokwanisa kuve, kuda, kuita, kana kuve nacho; asi haigone kupa chero munhu kugona kana kusununguka; iye amene anofanira kuita chaaifanira kuita kuti azvimiririre; kukura kubva mumwana-mamiriro ekutsamira-kuvandudza kuzvimiririra nekuzviitira iye ega zvaanoziva kuti anofanira kuita kuti amuitise mutoro. Hapagoni kuve nekuzvimiririra pasina mutoro.

Kana ivo vanhu vevanhu vasingafarire zvachose kuve uye mukubata simba rehukomberi iro rakapihwa kwavari neBumbiro, ipapo vese masimba nebumbiro zvinobva zvabviswa kwavari, chero nenzira. Ipapo, panzvimbo yehurumende kuve nevanhu uye nekuvimba nevanhu, vanhu vanozoitwa pasi pehurumende uye vachitsamira hurumende.

MuUnited States takajaira rusununguko zvekuti hatikoshese; zvingave kuti hatizokoshesa rusununguko rwedu kusvikira tarasikirwa narwo. Ipapo ichanonoka kuti iwanezve pasina shanduko. Asi vanhu vanozopa rusununguko rwavo, kuburikidza nekuregeredza kana chero kufungisisa, havangagone kuuwana zvakare kuburikidza neshanduko. Shanduko kana kurasikirwa nerusununguko kunogona kudzivirirwa nekuzviita hurumende pachako uye nekusarudza kuenda kune avo chete vanozvitonga zvine musoro uye saka vakazvimiririra mumapato, uye vane mutoro.

Hapana murume mumwe, hapana varume vashoma, anogona kuponesa vanhu nenyika. Kana vanhu vachizoponeswa vanofanira kuchengetedza sununguko yavo uye nyika yavo. Varume vakakura uye vanodzikamiswa nemutoro wavo wehutungamiriri vanodiwa uye vanofanirwa mukumisikidza demokrasi yechokwadi. Asi chokwadi chiri pachena ndechekuti kunyangwe varume vashoma vangangoita makurukota ekodzero dzevanhu, havakwanise kubudirira kunze kwekuti kuzvitonga kuzere kwakazvimirira kunodiwa nevanhu uye kunze kwekunge vanhu vakatsunga kuita izvo zvinodikanwa kuti vaite. Ivo pachavo sevanhu kuti vatange uye kuchengetedza demokrasi yechokwadi.

Kana vanhu vacho vakatendera uori mumapato ezvematongerwo enyika kuti uenderere mberi; kana vanhu vachibvumidza kutenga kana kutengeswa kwevhoti nevatungamiriri vebato rezvematongerwo enyika, uye kana pakupera kwesarudzo vanhu vachabvumidza chirevo chebato riri kuuya rekuti "Kune vakunda ndevavakapamba," vanhu vanoenderera mberi kuva "zvakapambwa," uye gare gare ivo vacharasikirwa nerusununguko rwavanarwo.

Ipapo hurumende inoshandurwa, uye democracy uye budiriro ichave yakundikana.

Aihwa! Vanhu havangambove nedemocracy yakagadzirirwa ivo nevarume vashoma; kunyangwe nehukama hwakanaka, nekuti izvozvo zvaizoguma nekuparara kwehurumende. Vanhu vanofanirwa kuita demokrasi, nemunhu mumwe nemumwe vachiita rusununguko rwake nemuviri wake, uye nezvake nemuviri wake. Wese murume kana mukadzi, asingazive chokwadi, ihurumende imwechete, mune yake kana yeumwe muviri. Kana hurumende yemunhu idemokrasi, zvakanaka uye zvakanaka. Kana isiri democracy, munhu iyeye anogona kuchinja hurumende yake kuti ive democracy.

Muviri wega inyika. Manzwiro uye zvishuwo zviri mumuviri zvakaita sevagari vemunyika: vakadzi vamwe nevamwe varume. Avo vanhu vane manzwiro avo uye zvido zvavo zvakarongeka, zvinodzorwa uye vanozvitonga ivo pachavo kuti vanonzwa nekuda uye nekushandira hutano hwevanhu pachavo nemiviri yavo, uye hutano hwevaya vavanotarisana navo, vane huwandu hwakawanda hwedemocrat.

Avo vanhu vane manzwiro uye zvido zvavo zvakakamurwa kuva "mapato" mazhinji, bato rimwe nerimwe vachiedza kukunda vamwe kuchengetedza zvido zvavo, kana kana mumwe munhu achida kutonga uye kupaza nekuparadza vamwe kuti awane zvinangwa zvake, ipapo vanhu ivavo havasi vehumiriri. Idzi ndedzimwe nzira dzehurumende, kana miviri isina dzimba uye isina simba, yakazvimiririra kuputsa nekuparadza.

Kuve nehutongi hwechokwadi muUnited States of America, vanhu vanogona kuramba kupa masimba kune vematongerwo enyika. Vanogona kuita kuti zvizivikanwe kuti vanozovhota chete kune varume avo vanofarira kuve mukushandira vanhu vese sevanhu vamwe chete, uye nevarume vakazvimirira uye vane basa. Kana vanhu vacho vakaramba kutambiriswa mapato nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika; kana vanhu vakabvunza uye vachikumbira kuti zvivakwa zvehurumende zvipe kune avo chete vanozvimirira uye vane mutoro, varume nevakadzi vakadaro vachange vari kuuya. Uye vachashandira vanhu kana vanhu vacho vonyatsoda kuzvimiririra vaine mutoro. Asi vanhu vanofanirwa kuita kuti zvizivikanwe kuti havazovi nehumwe hurumende, kunze kwehutongi hwechokwadi, pasina hutongi kana kukanganisika.